1. Schrier SL. Pathophysiology of thalassemia. Curr
Opin Hematol. 2002;9(2):123-6.
2.Kattamis A, Forni GL, Aydinok Y, Viprakasit V.
Changing patterns in the epidemiology of β‐
thalassemia. Eur J Haematol. 2020;105(6):692-703.
3.Khodaei GH, Farbod N, Zarif B, Nateghi S, Saeidi M.
Frequency of thalassemia in Iran and Khorasan
Razavi. Int J Pediatr. 2013;1(1):45-50.
4.Porto G, De Sousa M. Iron overload and immunity.
World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(35):4707.
5.Rahav G, Volach V, Shapiro M, et al. Severe
infections in thalassaemic patients: prevalence and
predisposing factors. Br J Haematol.
2006;133(6):667-74.
6.Cohen AR, Glimm E, Porter JB. Effect of
transfusional iron intake on response to chelation
therapy in β-thalassemia major. Blood.
2008;111(2):583-7.
7.Rachmilewitz EA, Giardina PJ. How I treat
thalassemia. Blood. 2011;118(13):3479-88.
8.Ricerca BM, Di Girolamo A, Rund D. Infections in
thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies: focus on
therapy-related complications. Mediterr J Hematol
Infect Dis. 2009;1(1).
9.Hasa E, Hartmann P, Schnabl B. Liver cirrhosis and
immune dysfunction. Int Immunol. 2022;34(9):455-
66.
10.Duengelhoef P, Johannes H, Ferenc R, Steinmann S,
Brehm TT, Weltzsch JP, et al. Low antibody titers
after second SARSCoV-2 vaccination in patients with
autoimmune hepatitis. Z Gastroenterol. 2022:e24.
11.Sacuk AV, Solopova GG, Ploskireva AA. A
systematic review of outbreaks of bloodborne
infections (hepatitis B and C, HIV) transmitted from
patient to patient in healthcare settings. J Microbiol
Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2021;98(3):319-30.
12.Moghadami M, Dadashpour N, Mokhtari AM,
Ebrahimi M, Mirahmadizadeh A, et al. The
effectiveness of the national hepatitis B vaccination
program 25 years after its introduction in Iran: a
historical cohort study. Braz J Infect Dis.
2020;23:419-26.
13.Riaz M, Abbas M, Rasool G, Baig IS, Mahmood
Z, Munir N, et al. Prevalence of transfusiontransmitted infections in multiple blood transfusiondependent thalassemic patients in Asia: A systemic
review. Int J Immunopathol.
2022;36:03946320221096909.
14.Nguyen MH, Wong G, Gane E. Hepatitis B virus:
advances in prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Clin
Microbiol Rev. 2020;33(2):10.1128/cmr. 00046-19.
15.Khetsuriani N, Mosina L, Van Damme P. Progress
Toward Hepatitis B Control—World Health
Organization European Region, 2016–2019. Morb
Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(30):1029.
16.Walker EM, Walker SM. Effects of iron overload on
the immune system. Ann Clin Lab Sci.
2000;30(4):354-65.
17.Yaghobi R, Afkari R, Mohsenzadeh M. A study on
the serologic and molecular prevalence of hepatitis G
virus (HGV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in
patients with thalassemia in Larestan of Iran. Afr J of
Microbiol Res. 2012;6(29):5866-70.
18.Jefferies M, Rauff B, Rashid H. Update on global
epidemiology of viral hepatitis and preventive
strategies. World J Clin Cases. 2018;6(13):589.
19.Di Marco V, Capra M, Angelucci E. Management of
chronic viral hepatitis in patients with thalassemia:
recommendations from an international panel. Blood.
2010;116(16):2875-83.
20.Amirhashchi F, Azaran A, Seyedian SS, Jalilian
S, Keikhaei B. Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection
among β-Thalassemia Major Patients in Ahvaz City,
Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022;106(1):174.
21.Azarkeivan A, Karimi G, Shaiegan M. Antibody
titration and immune response of Iranian βthalassemic patients to hepatitis B viruse vaccine
(Booster effect). Pediatr Hematol Oncol.
2009;26(4):195-201.
22.Fakih M, Basheer F, Hashmi F. Immune Status
Against Hepatitis B Infection in Children with
Thalassemia Major in Pakistan: A Single-Centre
Study. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2022;72(5):1743-47.
23.Soliman HH, Kabbash I, El-Shanshory MR.
Evaluation of immune status against hepatitis B in
children with thalassemia major in Egypt: A single
center study. J microbiol Epidemiol Infect Dis.
2012;2(02):44-9.
24.Aggeletopoulou I, Davoulou P, Konstantakis C.
Response to hepatitis B vaccination in patients with
liver cirrhosis. Rev Med Virol. 2017;27(6):e1942.