1. Sharif MR, Chitsazian Z, Moosavian M, Raygan F,
Nikoueinejad H, Sharif AR, et al. Immune disorders in
hemodialysis patients. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2015;9(2):84-
96.
2. Nguyen DB, Arduino MJ, Patel PR. HemodialysisAssociated Infections. Chronic Kidney Disease,
Dialysis, and Transplantation. 2019:389–410.e8.
3. Yang Z, Chen X, Pi M. Infection and
Immunodeficiency in Patients With Chronic Kidney
Disease: Current Evidence and Potential Preventive
Strategies of Chinese Medicine. Integ Med Nephrol
Androl. 2025;12(2).
4. Guo H, Zhang L, He H, Wang L. Risk factors for
catheter-associated bloodstream infection in
hemodialysis patients: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2024
27;19(3):e0299715.
5. Khalaf SK, Ibrahim RH, Hussain AA. Infection Rate
and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus, and Human
Immunodeficiency Virus in Patients with Chronic
Kidney Diseases in Baquba Teaching Hospital Diyala–
Iraq. Med J Babylon 2025. 22(4): 966-71.
6. Aydın Ö, Ergen P, Erbakan AN, Alışır Ejder S.
Overview of blood-borne viral infections in
hemodialysis patients: hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human
immunodeficiency virus infections. J Health Sci Med.
2022;5(1):195-200.
7. Sacuk AV, Solopova GG, Ploskireva AA. A systematic
review of outbreaks of bloodborne infections (hepatitis
B and C, HIV) transmitted from patient to patient in
healthcare settings. J Microbiol, Epidemiol Immunobiol.
2021;98(3):319-30.
8. Khalesi Z, Razizadeh MH, Javadi M, Bahavar A,
Keyvanlou Z, Saadati H, et al. Global epidemiology of
HBV infection among hemodialysis patients: A
systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog.
2023;179:106080.
9. Yuen MF, Chen DS, Dusheiko GM, Janssen HLA, Lau
DTY, Locarnini SA, Peters MG, Lai CL. Hepatitis B
virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18035.
10. Nguyen MH, Wong G, Gane E, Kao JH, Dusheiko G.
Hepatitis B Virus: Advances in Prevention, Diagnosis,
and Therapy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020 ;33(2):e00046-
19.
11. Hedayati-Moghaddam MR, Soltanian H, Behzadifar
M. Occult hepatitis B virus infection prevalence among
different populations of Iran: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Hepat Mon. 2020; 20(6): :e101722.
12. Fabrizi F, Cerutti R, Dixit V, Ridruejo E. Hepatitis B
virus vaccine and chronic kidney disease. The advances.
Nefrologia (Engl Ed). 2021;41(2):115-22.
13. Musso G, Gambino R, Tabibian JH, Ekstedt M,
Kechagias S, Hamaguchi M, et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with chronic kidney disease:
a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med.
2014;11(7):e1001680.
14. Kalacun V, Ekart R, Bevc S, Skok P, Hojs R, Vodošek
Hojs N. Oxidative stress and inflammation in
hemodialysis: a comparison of patients with or without
advanced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Ren Fail. 2025;47(1):2455523.
15. Hasa E, Hartmann P, Schnabl B. Liver cirrhosis and
immune dysfunction. Int Immunol. 2022;34(9):455-466.
16. Aggeletopoulou I, Davoulou P, Konstantakis C,
Thomopoulos K, Triantos C. Response to hepatitis B
vaccination in patients with liver cirrhosis. Rev Med
Virol. 2017;27(6).
17. Düngelhoef PM, Hartl J, Rüther DF, Steinmann S,
Kaur M, Glaser FV, et al. Low antibody titers after
second SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with
autoimmune hepatitis. Zeitschrift für
Gastroenterologie.2022; 60: e24.
18. Ahmed Z, Ahmed U, Walayat S, Ren J, Martin DK,
Moole H, Koppe S, Yong S, Dhillon S. Liver function
tests in identifying patients with liver disease. Clin Exp
Gastroenterol. 2018;11:301-07.
19. Light C, Heslop K, Kulkarni H. Hepatitis B
vaccination in patients with stage 4/5 chronic kidney
disease-a scoping review. Renal Soc Aust J. 2023. 19(2):
68-76.
20. Himmelfarb J. Hemodialysis complications. Am J
Kidney Dis. 2005 Jun;45(6):1122-31.
21. Swift O, Sharma S, Ramanarayanan S, Umar H, Laws
KR, Vilar E, Farrington K. Prevalence and outcomes of
chronic liver disease in patients receiving dialysis:
systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Kidney J.
2021;15(4):747-57.
22. Gunawansa N, Rathore R, Sharma A, Halawa A.
Vaccination practices in End Stage Renal Failure and
Renal Transplantation; Review of current guidelines and
recommendations. World J Transplant. 2018;8(3):68-74.
23. Kolb T, Fischer S, Müller L, Lübke N, Hillebrandt J,
Andrée M, et al. Impaired Immune Response to SARSCoV-2 Vaccination in Dialysis Patients and in Kidney
Transplant Recipients. Kidney360. 2021;2(9):1491-8.
24. Haddiya I. Current Knowledge of Vaccinations in
Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Int J Nephrol
Renovasc Dis. 2020;13:179-85.
25. L Johannes, MJ Mashabane and NE Diana. Prevalence
and predictors of non-response to hepatitis B vaccination
among dialysis patients. Wits J Clin Med. 2024. 6(2): 75-
80.
26. den Hartog G, van Binnendijk R, Buisman AM,
Berbers GAM, van der Klis FRM. Immune surveillance
for vaccine-preventable diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines.
2020;19(4):327-39.
27. Ma BM, Yap DYH, Yip TPS, Hung IFN, Tang SCW,
Chan TM. Vaccination in patients with chronic kidney
disease-Review of current recommendations and recent
advances. Nephrology (Carlton). 2021;26(1):5-11.
28. Bogdan RG, Boicean A, Anderco P, Ichim C, IliescuGlaja M, Todor SB, Leonte E, Bloanca VA, Crainiceanu
ZP, Popa ML. From Liver to Kidney: The Overlooked
Burden of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Chronic
Kidney Disease. J Clin Med. 2025; 14(7):2486.
29. Mahallawi WH, Ibrahim NA, Mumena WA. Impaired
humoral immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in
patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Saudi J Biol Sci.
2023;30(10):103788.
30. Lin SY, Liu JH, Wang SM, Wang IK, Tsai CA, Liu
YL, Lin HH, Chang CC, Huang CC. Association of
response to hepatitis B vaccination and survival in
dialysis patients. BMC Nephrol. 2012;13:97.Bottom of
Form
31. Udomkarnjananun S, Takkavatakarn K,
Praditpornsilpa K, Nader C, Eiam-Ong S, Jaber BL,
Susantitaphong P. Hepatitis B virus vaccine immune
response and mortality in dialysis patients: a metaanalysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(2):343-354.
32. Al Saran K, Sabry A, Al Halawany Z, Ismail M.
Factors affecting response to hepatitis B vaccine among
hemodialysis patients in a large Saudi Hemodialysis
Center. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2014;25(1):185-91.