Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and vaginal candidiasis in women referred to health centers of Hamadan City, West of Iran, 2014

Authors
Hossein Rezaei
Faeze Foroughi-Parvar
Amir Hossein Maghsood
Mohammad Fallah
Massoud Saidijam
Mohammad Matini
10.29252/jmj.15.2.17
Abstract
Introduction:

Candida, Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial agents are the most important causes of virginities. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of bacterial vaginosis and vaginal candidiasis in women referred to health centers in Hamadan city west of Iran.

Material and Methods:

 The cross-sectional study was done on 862 women who referred to health centers of Hamadan. During vaginal examination, sampling from the posterior vaginal fornix and vaginal wall was performed by two sterile cotton swabs. The first swab sample was placed into a tube containing of Ringer serum for wet mount preparation in order to vaginal candidosis and bacterial vaginosis (BV), and the second swab sample was used for preparation of Gram-stained vaginal smear. Candidiasis was diagnosed by observation of pseudohyphae and blastospores and BV was diagnosed by observation of clue cells and also with regard to Hay-Ison criteria. Eventually the data was analyzed by SPSS (version 16)

Results:

Vaginitis caused by bacterial agents and Candida species was identified in 104 (12.1%) and 73 (8.5%) of the 862 participants, respectively, by using direct wet mount and direct Gram-stained smear. There was no significant difference between ages, marital status, occupation, husband job and vaginosis. Statistically significant difference was reported between education and bacterial vaginitis (P=0.01).

Conclusion:

Based on statistical analysis there are the significant relationship between education and bacterial vaginosis therefore increase of knowledge and awareness about the consequences of vaginal infections plays a key role in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Keywords
Vaginitis
Gardnerella
Candidiasis
Bacterial Vaginosis
منابع: [1] Sobel JD. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.1985; 152(7):924-935. [2] Adad SJ, Lima RVd, Sawan ZTE, Silva MLG, Souza MAHd, Saldanha JC, et al. Frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida sp and Gardnerella vaginalis in cervical-vaginal smears in four different decades. Sao Paulo Medical Journal.2001;119(6):195-200. [3] Ziaei Hezarjaribi H, Dalimi A, Ghasemi M, Ghafari R, Esmaeili S, Armat S, et al. Prevalence of common sexually transmitted diseases among women referring for pap smear in Sari, Iran. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.2013;22(1):19-24.[Farsi] [4] Mitchell C, Marrazzo J. Bacterial vaginosis and the cervicovaginal immune response. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2014;71(6):555-563. [5] Quan M. Vaginitis: meeting the clinical challenge. Clinical cornerstone. 2000;3(3)1:36-47. [6] Sobel JD. Vaginitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997;337(26):896-1903. [7] Falahati M, Akhlaghi L, Abianeh M, Assadi M, Nami S, Fateh R. Prevalence of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis Infections in Women. Life Science Journal.2013;(10)5:479-483. [8] Ivanbagha R, Babapour J, Fathi S. Risk factors and clinical findings of Gardnerella vaginalis infection in women referring to Tabriz health centers. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity-Tehran Medical Branch.2011;21(3):214-221. [9] Sherrard J, Donders G, White D, Jensen JS. European (IUSTI/WHO) guideline on the management of vaginal discharge. International journal of STD & AIDS. 2011;22(8):421-9. [10] Ahmadnia E, Kharaghani R, Maleki A, Avazeh A, Mazloomzadeh S, Sedaghatpisheh T, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of genital and sexually transmitted infections in married women of Iran. Oman Medical Journal. 2016; 31(6): 439-45. [11] Shahinfar S, Noman pour B. The relationship between various individual characteristics and common vaginal infections among the women referring to Payambar Azam gynecology clinic in Kerman city. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility.2015;18(148):10-17. [Farsi] [12] Kalantari N, Ghaffari S, Bayani M. Trichomonas, Candida, and gardnerella in cervical smears of Iranian women for cancer screening. North American journal of medical sciences.2014;6(1):25-9. [13] Lessa PRA, Ribeiro SG, Lima DJM, Nicolau AIO, Damasceno AKdC, Pinheiro AKB. Presence of high-grade intraepithelial lesions among women deprived of their liberty: a documental study. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem.2012;20(2);354-61. [14] Roeters AM, Boon ME, van Haaften M, Vernooij F, Bontekoe T, Heintz APM. Inflammatory events as detected in cervical smears and squamous intraepithelial lesions. Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2010;38(2);83-95. [15] Shobeiri F, Nazari M. A prospective study of genital infections in Hamedan, Iran. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health.2006;20:9-14. [16] Nozhat F, Zarei M. Association between clinical symptoms and laboratory findings in the diagnosis of Candida vaginitis. Feyz, Journal of Kashan University of Medical sciences. 2016; 20(2): 173-9. [Farsi] [17] Moallaei H, Ravansalar H, Namazi M, Akaberi A.Study and identification of various spesies of Candida in Candidiasis vaginitis in women admitted to Mobibni Hospital in Sabzevar,Iran. Journal of Sabzevar Uuniversity of Medical Sciences. 2007;17(1):54-62.[Farsi] [18] Ramezani Tehrani f, Farahmand M, Abedini M, Hashemi Z. Prevalence of vaginitis in Iranian women symptoms and clinical association. Medical Siences Journal of Islamic Azad Univesity-Tehran Medical Branch.2012;22(1):62-68.[Farsi] [19] Tafazoli M, Saki N, Mazloum S, Rakhshandeh H, Shirazi M,. Relationship between personal and medical factors with bacterial vaginosis recurrence women referred to gynecologic clinics Tamin Ejtemaie, Mashhad, 2015.The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2016; 19(33): 7-14. [Farsi] [20] Bulbul haghighi N, Ebrahimi H, Delvarian-Zade M, Hasani M. Evaluation and comparison of clinical and para clinical diagnosis of Candida vaginitis in women referred to Shahrood city health care centers years between 2004-2007 . Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences.2009; 11(3)16-22.[Farsi]